Robin Camille Davis
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Introducing myself to MALLET

June 30, 2013

Cross-posted at my Emerging Tech in Libraries blog

Backstory

In my text mining class at GSLIS, we had a lot of ground to cover. It was easy enough to jump into Oracle SQL Developer and Data Miner and plug into the Oracle database that had been set up for us, and we moved on to processing and classifying merrily. But now, a year later, I'm totally removed from that infrastructure. I wanted to review my work from that class before heading to EMDA next (!) week, but reacquainting myself with Data Miner would require setting up the whole environment first. Not totally understanding the Oracle ecosystem, I thought it would be easy enough to set a VirtualBox and implement the Linux setup as needed, but after several failures I gave up and decided to try something new. As it turns out, MALLET not only does classification, but topic modeling, too — something I'd never done before.

What is?

Here's how I understand it: topic modeling, like other text mining techniques, considers text as a 'bag of words' that is more or less organized. It draws out clusters of words (topics) that appear to be related because they statistically occur near each other. We've all been subjected to wordles — this is like DIY wordles that can get very specific and can seem to approach semantic understanding with statistics alone.

One tool that DH folks mention often is MALLET, the MAchine Learning for LanguagE Toolkit, open-source software developed at UMass Amherst starting in 2002. I was pleased to see that it not only models topics, but does the things I'd wanted Oracle Data Miner to do, too — classify with decision trees, Naïve Bayes, and more. There are many tutorials and papers written on/about MALLET, but the one I picked was Getting Started with Topic Modeling and MALLET from The Programming Historian 2, a project out of CHNM. The tutorial is very easy to follow and approaches the subject with a DH-y literariness.

Exploration

One of my favorite small test texts is personally significant to me — my grandmother's diary from 1943, which she kept as a 16-year-old girl in Hawaii. I transcribed it and TEI'd it a while ago. I split up my plain-text transcript by month, stripped month and day names from the text (so words wouldn't necessarily cluster around 'april'), and imported the 12 .txt files into MALLET. Following the tutorial's instructions, I ran train-topics and came out with data like this:

January
home
diary
school
ve
today
feel
god
parents
war
eyes
hours
friends
make
esther
changed
beauty
class
true
man
February
dear
girls
thing
taxi
job
find
wouldn
afraid
filipino
year
american
beauty
live
woman
movies
happened
shoes
family
makes
March
papa
don
mommy
asuna
men
americans
nature
realize
simply
told
voice
world
bus
skin
ha
ago
japanese
blood
diary
April
dear
diary
town
made
white
fun
dressed
learn
sun
hour
days
rest
week
blue
soldiers
navy
kids
straight
pretty
May
dear
girls
thing
taxi
job
find
wouldn
afraid
filipino
year
american
beauty
live
woman
movies
happened
shoes
family
makes
June
papa
don
mommy
asuna
men
americans
nature
realize
simply
told
voice
world
bus
skin
ha
ago
japanese
blood
diary
July
red
day
leave
dance
min
insular
top
idea
half
country
lose
realized
servicemen
lot
breeze
ahead
appearance
change
lie
August
betty
wahiawa
taxi
set
show
mr
wanted
party
mama
ve
wrong
insular
helped
played
dinner
food
chapman
fil
hawaiian
September
betty
wahiawa
taxi
set
show
mr
wanted
party
mama
ve
wrong
insular
helped
played
dinner
food
chapman
fil
hawaiian
October
johnny
rose
nice
supper
breakfast
tiquio
lunch
lydia
office
ll
raymond
theater
tonight
doesn
tomorrow
altar
kim
warm
forget
November
didn
left
papa
richard
long
met
told
house
back
felt
sat
gave
hand
don
sweet
called
meeting
dress
miss
December
ray
lydia
dorm
bus
lovely
couldn
caught
ramos
asked
kissed
park
waikiki
close
st
arm
loved
xmas
held
world

Note that some clusters appear twice. MALLET considers the directory of .txt files as its whole corpus, then spits out which clusters each file is most closely associated with.

As you can see, I should really have taken out 'dear' and 'diary.' But I can see that these clusters make sense. She begins the diary in mid-January. It's her first diary ever, so she tends first toward the grandiose, talking about changes in technology and what it means to be American, and later begins to write about the people in her life, like Betty, her roommate, and Tiquio, the creepy taxi driver. In almost all of the clusters, the War shows up somehow. But what I was really looking forward to was seeing how her entries' topics changed in December, when she began dating Ray, the man who would be my grandfather. Aww.

It's a small text, in the grand scheme of things, clocking in at around 40,000 words. If you want to see what one historian did with MALLET and a diary kept for 27 years, Cameron Blevins has a very enthusiastic blog post peppered with very nice R visualizations.